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Milestones in History 800-968 1024-1190 1235-1495
1517-1697 1701-1890 800-968 814 — Charlemagne died in Aachen 843 — Under the Treaty of Verdun, Charlemagne's grandchildren divided up the empire: Lothar received the central, Charles the Bold the western, and Ludwig the German the eastern territories 870 — Formation of the duchies of Franconia, Saxony, Bavaria, Swabia and, in approximately 900, Lorraine 911 — Upon extinction of the Carolingians, Conrad of Franconia became King of Germany 919 — The Saxon Duke, Henry I, elected king. The Saxon dynasty ruled Germany until 1024 955 — Otto I defeated the Hungarians at Lechfeld near Augsburg 962 — Otto I was crowned Emperor in Rome and was recognized by Byzantium 968 — Creation of the archbishopric of Magdeburg as the center of the colonizing movement to the east 1024-1255 — The Salian dynasty 1075 — Beginning of the "investiture" dispute between the Emperor and the Pope (i.e. as to who had the right to appoint bishops).Settled by the concordat of Worms in 1122 1096 — Beginning of the first Crusade 1138 -1254 — The Hohenstaufen dynasty 1180 — Frederick I (Barbarossa) outlawed the Saxon Duke Henry the Lion 1190 — The Teutonic Order was founded in Akko. In the 13th and 14th centuries it dominated vast territories along the Baltic coast 1235-1495 1256-1273 — The Great Interregnum 1273 — Rudolf of Hapsburg became king of Germany. He increased power by his victory over King Ottocar II of Bohemia 1293 — Lübeck became the leading city of the Hanseatic League 1348 — The founding of the first German university in Prague, which Charles IV made the permanent capital of the empire 1348-1352 — The Plague ("black death") 1356 — The Golden Bull laid down the rules for the election of the king, who was to be elected in Frankfurt and crowned in Aachen 1370 — Victory of the Hanseatic League over the Danes 1400 — King Wenceslas was removed from the throne by the electors on account of his incapacity 1417 — The Hohenzollern Frederick I, burgrave of Nuremberg, became elector of Brandenburg 1452 — Last coronation of a German emperor in Rome (Frederick III) 1493 — Peasants' uprising on the upper Rhine 1495 — Proclamation of the "Eternal Peace" at the Diet of Worms 1499 — Switzerland broke away from the empire 1517 — Luther proclaimed his 95 theses; beginning of the Reformation 1522-1523 — Uprising of the knights 1524-1525 — Peasants' War 1529 — The Turks laid siege to Vienna 1546-1547 — Emperor Charles V defeated the Protestant princes and towns allied against him 1555 — The Peace of Augsburg (the princes henceforth determine the religion of their territories) 1618 — A protest by Bohemian Protestants in Prague marked the beginning of the Thirty Years War 1648 — The Peace of Westphalia, concluded at Muenster and Osnabrueck, ended the Thirty Years War 1663-1806 — The "permanent imperial diet" at Regensburg (congress of representatives of the princes and towns of the empire) 1683 — Repulsion of the second Turkish attack on Vienna 1697 — Prince August the Strong of Saxony became King of Poland 1701 — The elector Frederick III of Brandenburg crowned himself King Frederick I of Prussia in Koenigsberg 1717 — Introduction of general compulsory education in Prussia 1740-1742 — First Silesian War between Prussia and Austria 1744-1745 — Second Silesian War 1756-1763 — The Seven-Year War (Prussia against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden and most of the imperial electors). The peace of Hubertusburg (1763) established the Dualism of Prussia and Austria 1792 — Beginning of the war against revolutionary France 1803 — Redistribution of Germany 1806 — Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 1807 — Peace of Tilsit between France and Prussia 1813-1815 — Liberation wars against Napoleonic France 1815 — Founding of the German Confederation 1834 — Founding of the German Customs Union 1835 — First German railway between Nuremberg and Furth 1848 — Revolution in Germany; 1849 — Campaign for a constitution for the Reich 1850 — Implementation of the Prussian Constitution 1861 — Founding of the German Progress Party 1862 — Bismarck became Prime Minister of Prussia 1863 — Founding of the General German Workers Association (predecessor of Social Democracy) in Leipzig under the leadership of Ferdinand Lasalle 1864 — Prussian-Austrian victory over Denmark 1866 — War between Prussia and Austria; dissolution of the German Confederation 1870-1871 — Franco-German War 1871 — Founding of the German Empire with Bismarck as Reich Chancellor 1872-1880 — Bismarck's "Kulturkampf" (cultural struggle) against the Catholic Church 1878-1890 — Persecution of the Social Democrats (Anti-Socialist Act) 1882 — Tripartite alliance with Austria and Italy 1883-1889 — Enactment of progressive social security legislation 1888 — Deaths of Kaiser William I and Frederick III 1890 — Dismissal of Bismarck 1900 — The Civil Code 1914 — Outbreak of World War I 1918 — November revolution; armistice; declaration of a republic by the Social Democrat Scheidemann 1919 — Election of a National Assembly in Weimar 1923 — Raging inflation; attempted coups by right-wing and left-wing radical groups 1925 — Hindenburg elected Reich President 1926 — Germany admitted to the League of Nations 1933 — Hitler became Reich Chancellor 1935 — Anti-Jewish "Nuremberg Laws" 1938 — Annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland 1939 — German-Soviet non-agression pact 1942 — Wannsee Conference (Nazi leadership decides to systematically eradicate European Jewry) 1945 — Hitler's suicide; unconditional surrender and occupation
of Germany 1946-1948 — Constitutions adopted by the German Länder (states) 1948 — End of Allied administration; separate currency reforms in East and West Germany 1948-1949 — Blockade of West Berlin by the Soviet Union, Berlin Airlift 1949 — Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German
Democratic Republic 1950-1971 Walter Ulbricht leader of the SED (Communist Party of East Germany) 1951 — Federal Republic of Germany becomes member of the Council of Europe and of the European Coal and Steel Community 1953 — Uprising in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) 1955 — Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany to NATO and of the GDR to the Warsaw Pact 1957 — The Saarland becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany 1959-1969 — Heinrich Lubke Federal President 1961 — The government of East Germany builds the Berlin Wall 1963-1966 — Ludwig Erhard Federal Chancellor 1966-1969 — Kurt Georg Kiesinger Federal Chancellor (Grand Coalition of CDU/CSU and SPD) 1968 — Student unrest and "extra-parliamentary opposition" in the Federal Republic of Germany 1969-1974 — Willy Brandt Federal Chancellor 1970 — The Federal Republic of Germany concludes treaties with the Soviet Union and Poland and begins negotiations with the GDR 1971 — Four Power (Quadripartite - US, Great Britain, France,
and USSR) Agreement on Berlin 1972 — Basic Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR 1973 — East and West Germany become members of the United Nations 1974-1979 — Walter Scheel Federal President 1977 — Escalation of extreme left terrorism by the Red Army Faction in the Federal Republic of Germany 1979-1984 — Karl Carstens Federal President 1982 — Vote of no-confidence against Chancellor Schmidt 1984 — Richard von Weizsaecker Federal President 1987 — Official visit by Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State of the GDR, to the Federal Republic of Germany 1989 — Richard von Weizsaecker re-elected Federal President 1990 1991 1992 — Signing of the Treaty on the European Union in Maastricht 1994 1998 — Social Democrats win Bundestag elections 1999 — Introduction of the euro for non-cash transactions in 11
participating European countries 2000 — European Court of Justice ruling opens German armed forces
to women participating in combat roles 2001 — Women join Germany's military combat forces for the first
time 2002 — Euro banknotes and coins replace national currencies in 12 participating member states of the European Union including Germany |
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