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The Week in Germany: Business, Technology and the Environment

February 29, 2008

Electricity Generated by Body Heat Could Power Tomorrow's Phones

Photo © Fraunhofer Gesellschaft

Making calls from a cell phone without a battery, using just the warmth of your hand?

Perhaps that's no more than a pipe dream right now. But new circuits being developed by researchers in Germany are already making it possible to harness body heat for generating electricity. Numerous items of medical equipment are attached to a patient's body in the intensive care ward. They monitor the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, pulse and breathing rate. This tends to produce quite a jumble of cables as all these devices require their own electricity supply.

In future, medical sensors may be able to function without power from a wall socket. Instead, they will draw all the power they need from the warmth of the human body, say the German researchers. The data will be sent by a radio signal to the central monitoring station.

In collaboration with colleagues from the Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques (IPM) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research IFAM, research scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Erlangen, Germany, have developed a way of harnessing natural body heat to generate electricity. It works on the principle of thermoelectric generators, TEG for short, made from semiconductor elements. The TEGs extract electrical energy simply from the temperature difference between a hot and a cold environment.

Normally, a difference of several tens of degrees would be required to generate enough power, but the differences between the body's surface temperature and that of its environment are only a few degrees. "Only low voltages can be produced from differences like these," explains Peter Spies, manager of this sub-project at the IIS.

A conventional TEG delivers roughly 200 millivolts, but electronic devices require at least one or two volts. The engineers have come up with a solution to this problem: "We combined a number of components in a completely new way to create circuits that can operate on 200 millivolts," says Spies. "This has enabled us to build entire electronic systems that do not require an internal battery, but draw their energy from body heat alone."

The scientists have set their eyes on a wide range of possible applications: "Electricity can be generated from heat anyplace where a temperature difference occurs," claims Spies. "That could be on the body, on radiators to meter the heating costs, when monitoring the cooling chain during the transport of refrigerated goods, or in air conditioning systems." (Fraunhofer Gesellschaft)

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